these general views and aspirations. Thus, the negative and positive sides of the aspirations and views of the nobility in general speak to us vividly in the lauds, whether we read them from the marshalship of Fredro or Józef Swierski. We read in them absolute worship of republican doctrines, alongside calls for the government, to strengthen its own forces, and for military discipline. They manifest admiration for all national institutions, everything that is Polish, from the praise of the apple of freedom to the resolution on the Polish costume, which the king was to exclusively use. And just as in contemporary literature there is a certain contradiction and even confusion of thoughts among the most eminent authors, so also in the lauds, and especially in the introductions to parliamentary instructions, both to the Sejm and to the king, overloaded with phraseology, there is visible exaggeration and unnaturalness. It is evident that these people had something else in mind when they composed various praises or admiring "congratulations" for the men whom they considered to be the levers and salvation of the RP. Triumph and dejection, sighs for more and more freedom and momentary returns to the government, to save the homeland, the feeling that only Providence alone is still keeping the government in existence and a certain heaviness in saving it), the cry of horror and the call to defend ourselves - and the second liberum veto - can be felt in those symptoms of self-governing life that the laudas of this period present to us.
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LAUDA
General Assembly of Vishefis
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Lviv, June 4, 1648. Landowners of the Ruthenian Voivodeship.
1. We, the council of dignitaries and knights of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in Lviv, have gathered the information we have gathered today and make this our writing. Having left us in hac orphanitate afflicta, with which the Lord God, having taken from us the head of our king, our lord Władysław IV, has recently deigned to visit our homeland, but also our homeland with the rebellion of his own Zaporowski Cossacks, subject to the rule, who contra instituta maiorum suorum et christiani nominis professionem, having united and confederated clandestine cum hoslibus Christiani nominis Tatarami, contra fidem reipublicae datam, tot iuramentis et sacramento militari comprobatam, sub specie of treaties, they abolished our Ukrainian army, so we, taking care of the sudden imminentia pericula of the Republic of Poland, to which our countries are subject, and that we should set a good example and order for other THEM, how many periculum in mora we see, without waiting for the sejmiks hooded ones by the Archbishop of Gniezno1) primatem regni submitted, urgente tantum reipublicae necessitate et periculo evidenti from the enemy coming from our own lands in Lviv, we de facto allow money for a soldier of five hundred men, i.e. for one hundred horses of usars, two hundred horses of Cossacks and two hundred infantry horses. To whom we designate the regimental officer and colonel of the WIMć, Mr. Mikołaj, the count of Ostrorog, the cup-bearer of the crown, Busko, and Rohatyn starosta, whom we agree with our earnest request that he undertakes this out of simple virtue and love of his against the homeland and us, his brothers, promising them all gratitude and brotherly love at every opportunity, and that the Lord God will bring our homeland to a just order. will bring us that we will choose a lord, so that we will try to earn the honor from the future king His Majesty for these works and costs. 2. Moreover, for the Cossack banners of IMć, Mr. Stanisław Kowalski, the commander of the Lviv land, one and the other of IMci, Mr. Stanisław Kołek, and also for the infantry of IMci captain Jan Czermiński, who is to have a lieutenant of a good and efficient nobleman, we appoint totius interregni for the entire service. Considering the costs and difficulties of recruitment in such a precise time, as a necessitas reipublicae postulate, especially since they have gathered here from everywhere to Lviv for recruitment, we give ten thousand zlotys in subsidium to WIMci to our crown cup-bearer, colonel. IMciom and Mr. Cossack captains, both PLN. three thousand PLN, infantry zlotys. two thousand, and the pay, i.e. the payment of a soldier to a soldier per horse, PLN. forty, PLN to the Cossacks. thirty and PLN for pedestrians. we designate five per month. We will use the city to bring in a soldier
») Maciej Łubieński