As can be seen from the above, there is some progress in forest management, and there is a certain tendency to preserve landowners' forests. As for forest benefits, beekeepers should be mentioned, especially in the western part of the voivodeships). In particular, Mikołaj Pilecki, the castellan of Lviv, tried to increase and expand beekeeping and, when making donations like Roguźna in 1539, he noted that
«8) Terri. Sanoc. Succam. 26. p. 19). «») Z. 3063. »') Terr. Prev. Inscriptionum 11. p. 526 et seq. cf. z. 3052. •'} Z. 172.
that he grants them with the right to establish beehives by beekeepers in the forests he owns 92). In the Jarosław region, Tomek's landowners had income from beekeepers, who were governed by separate laws and kept separate beekeeping records. In one of the acts of the Przemyśl chamberlain's chamberlain, dated 1554, given below, the parties refer to beekeeping files from the Tyczyn estate. We provide here below these notes, which eloquently testify to the organized beekeeping activities of these western counties in ancient times 93j.
In general, as our records show, the landowner of that time, farming on fertile land, but in difficult conditions in a muddy and forested country, tried not only to improve agriculture but also to implement industrial farming. We can already see that the plow is replacing the old plow, that it is even in the hands of a peasant 9), we can see the three-field farm in use everywhere 95), but we also see much more people digging and eating ponds, mills, fulling houses, inns and even salt windows, then herds of horses and oxen, and finally beehives and apiaries. With the expansion of this industrial farm throughout the land, the forest cover and swampiness of the land disappear, both as a result of the influence of the plow, and it becomes one of the most fertile and beautiful in the Republic of Poland. This land is already becoming valuable, the establishment of villages on royal lands, made by the nobility without permission, appoints commissioners and Chamberlains to perform official duties96), and the landed gentry and the law, so favorable to local government, are taking civilization to the places of former and undesirable forests.
•') Terri. Prev. 12. p. 49. '^) These beekeepers, as can be seen below from entry 3023, had beehives in the forests of various landowners, so they were called upon to testify about the border and extracts from deeds from beekeepers' or city books about purchases were submitted, as the next entry proves:
Coram iudicio Succamerario loannis Herborth de Fulsthyn et in Glemboka Succamerarii terre Premisliensis gsus. Raphael Pilieczki reproduxit acta apisteriorum alias barłhnicee continentes in se inscripciones certas prefatorum apisteriorum, guibus sibi apiateria alias barcsi Ticinensia in perpetuum resignabant, per Ipsos in silvis ipsius Raphaelis Pilieczki ab antecessoribus eiusdem per eosdem habita resignabant, prout ad in inscription in eisdem actis contenta constat clare, cuius tenor est talis:
Constitutus personaliter Nicolaus Muxta de Błażowa publice recognovit, quia Gregorius Kostritch realem el totalem solucionem pro apisteriis sub tali signo in omnibus silvis days. Stanislai Pilieczki fecit, promittens ipsum cum suis legittimis successoribus et consangvineis de predictis apisteriis sub caractere signo repertis eviterne non inquietare sibi et suis successoribus liberę et in eternum dimittit, super quod Hregorius Kostrecz 8olidavit. (Terr, Prem. Lib. Suce. 254. p. 425 - 426).
The second entry comes from the town books of the Tyczyński family:
Ad iudicium bannitum constituta personaliter Catarina Ziobrowa cum previgno Simone ambo de Błażowa manu coniuncta libera fassi sunt vendidisse apisteria hoc est apes barczi in silva dmni. Pilieczki Byalka there late et longe sub signo ubicunąue invenerit, hoc est prout ex antiquo ipsa apisteria alias pceoli per antecessores erant tenenda, pro quinque marcis communis peccunie Petro Posrodek de Błażowa. Idem memoriale solidayit. Anno Domini millesimo quingentesimo vigesimo tertio iudicium bannitum extitit celebratum feria secunda in octava Corporis Christi proxima per Gregorium Kociel el septem iuratos in Thiczyn. ("S. June 1523). Ibidem p. 427-528.
") Z. 2898. »") Z. 3067, anno tercio quo agri non seminantur. ") Z. 3028,