Similar progress, although not to this extent, can be found in forest management. Forests in which we can find almost all of today's species of deciduous and coniferous trees, as well as some lost ones, such as yew trees, were largely intended for clearing in order to obtain hay or a new field - and they had such low relative value that they were not shared and, until the forest was cleared, mutual use was reserved 80). Forest and oak wasteland (mericae), we read in one of the acts, is left undivided for the common use of both parties jointly and indivisibly ^l), and in another, the use of pastures in the forests should be used by both parties 82). We learn how cattle grazed in the forests and how strong fences, called barracks, were built to prevent cattle from causing damage to neighboring fields 83). For these cattle, whether grazing freely or grazing in barracks, free watering was reserved in the rivers nearby on the other side 84). Even large forests were not divided, but both parties had free use of them, which was sometimes described in detail, emphasizing the grazing of pigs in good years, when there was an abundance of acorns or beechwood (Só). Although oak had a relatively high price, in general the wood material was not as valuable as it was on the Vistula River, which is known from Books XV. accounting records of the Minister of the German Order. In the royal forests, the emphasis was not on the value of forest produce, but on hunting, and that is why in the Stryi forests the commissioners did not allow for the demarcation except for moderate use for the neighbors of the nobility, for the reason "that these forests are needed by the king for hunting" 8 G). At that time, there were also various species of animals hiding in these forests, which had not been seen there for centuries - the king used the slaughtered animals as supplies for the war. In private forests we also find large hunting forests in which animals were caught with nets, called hunting grounds or mieciska87)^ with separate buildings, called estates.
^i) Coniunctim et indivise Z. BOS-^. «') Z. 310(). "j Z. 3072. ") Z. 3074. "j Z. 3040.»•) Z. 3038. ^') Zap. 488, 17.5, 2582.
XXIV
In addition to all this, one can also see in the notes of these chamberlains a desire to respect the forests, visible where they were not intended for thinning. This tendency results from various reservations regarding the use, already encountered in Sanok, where, for example, in the division of the estates of Jurowiec, Srogów and Falejówka in 1553, the use of wood from forests was reserved, but only for fuel and fencing, no other use was allowed ^^), and near Przemyśl, where wood was included in the price, strict divisions were made in forests and it was also strictly defined which villages they are to buy from one and which from the other from the demarcated parties 89). There is even an example of a plan for the common and governed use of forests approved by the Chamberlain, which the parties made in 1532 and submitted the act to the Przeworsk land court as a voluntary agreement to court acts90). It is called the Forest Ordinance and deserves to be better known. On the basis of this ordinance, Mikołaj Derszniak from Rokietnica, heir of Rączyna, Pantelowice and Zagórze, and Wojciech Starzechowski, heir of Topuszka, join their forests to their hereditary villages, belonging to companies, and so they, as their descendants and peasants of the villages, are to use their joints, so that the use for their needs in these forests is to be free for them forever, and therefore cattle grazing in the forests, and this community is to be preserved regardless of any previous provisions, sections, decrees, whether judicial or royal. However, no village has the right to admit other villages to this community, neither for logging, nor for grazing, nor for hunting or fishing, or in general, for any other use, nor may the lords lease or make purchases of any forest land (inemptiones appreciationes) without the consent of the other party. If, by mutual consent, purchases are made, either in cash or in grain, then two-thirds of the shares are to go to the heirs of Rączyna, Pantelowice and Zagórze, and the third part to the heirs of Łopuszka. In order to prevent abuses, wood from the forests mentioned to the heirs is allowed to be exported only to the above-mentioned villages and not to any other villages they have elsewhere. No new uprooting, either for new fields or pastures, can be made, except for clearing old overgrown bushes. Debra, oak groves, riparian meadows among farm fields or peasants that are not covered by boundary signs do not belong to the community, as well as the forest behind the Zagórze farm, called Przylasek, is to forever belong to Zagórze, as it is demarcated from Łopuszka, and does not belong to the community. This settlement was insured with a high deposit.