beyond any doubt from the acts themselves. It can also be assumed that the statutes imposing a fine (28 fines) on the Starosta if he failed to appear on the cut-off date from 1511, the renewal of Jan Albert's statute in 1519 to ensure that the testimony of sworn elders was the main consideration when making demarcations, and the statute of 1523 decreeing that the commissioners for the demarcation of private and royal estates were the nobility settled in the land where the demarcation takes place, further by the mandate of 1550, that the starostas, after making the demarcation, should not do any harm to the nobility and that the starost's subjects should not use the lands demarcated by either pastures or beehives or in any other way, by the mandate of 1563, that any starosta who scattered the boundary mounds should return them completed by the specified date and under the loss of the starost's dignity, in other words, our voivodeships also influenced the entire development of border legislation in the spirit of defending land ownership against the lawlessness of the starost. We also find evidence in the files of the Przemyśl Chamberlain that the wish of the nobility there was for the Chamberlain's temporary deputy, sent ad hunc solum acium, to be sworn, a task which, as we know, took place only at the beginning of the 17th century. the nobility brought this to fruition at the Sejm. But this is not where the civilizational significance of the Chamberlain and border law in the eastern voivodeships in general ends. In the foothill part of the Przemyśl region, over the course of a century, entire generations of nobility can be found having fierce disputes with their neighbors, passed down from father to son, disputes sometimes very bloody, based on town courts, and therefore on royal authority. Let's go to Bolanowice, Horysławice, Stobno, Stobieniec, and we will see entire clans of nobility clinging to the head of the family, who are fiercely resuming old disputes with their neighbors and fighting them with all the ferocity of borderland warriors. Already at the end of the 15th century. century, the episcopate of Przemyśl was the subject of attacks by these restless spirits and remained so throughout the mid-16th century. century, and the powerful families of Herburt, Pilecki, etc. feel the force of these attacks. From the book of the oldest chamberlain of Przemyśl, one can compile a whole series of these brave families, such as the Brześciański, Bratkowski, Chłopicki, Chmielecki, Jaskmanicki, Koniuszecki, Milczycki and Nikłowski, Stawski, Staromiejski, Starzechowski and Trojecki families, among whom border disputes were not uncommon. For example, the Zamiechowski family had no less than thirteen border disputes over the course of sixty-eight years, i.e. two generations. And so the chamberlain's files indicate that in 1515 they had a dispute with Chmielek, the following year with Stanisław of Hniewnowice, in 1522 also with the same neighbor, in 1536 with Budek of Kalenikowo, in 1540 with the Łowiecki family from Nakło, in 1541 with the Pilecki family, in 1556 with Chmielecki from Stobiecko, which appears three times in the acts of the same year, in 1560 they had a dispute with the Chmielecki family, and three years later with Starzechowski, again in 1565 with Chmielecki, and in 1582 with the Łowicki family. Towns such as Piskorzowa Sośnica, Orliska, Karczmiska, located on the borders of the disputed parties, where the border court sat, such as Lalin, a department in Sanock in the cases of the Humnicki, Pełków, Pakoszowski families, all too often
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are repeated in the files. And if we do not hear about any more serious disturbances, even ordinary murders, because of borders, it is truly difficult not to recognize the soothing influence on human passions of those who used this border law, leading the parties to agreement. The chamberlain's office had great scope for civic activity here towards harmony.