15th mountain roads crossing the disputed towns. But even these information tips were not enough, and sometimes they made a difficult matter even more confusing, so that the parties themselves agreed that in the event of a disagreement between witnesses on both sides, let fate decide which side should have the role. In one entry from Sanok from 1511, we have a detailed description of such a drawing carried out during the execution of border law. The border court therefore resorted to such a rarely used measure, and even here it operated with the consent of the parties, but when on both sides there were entire clans of the Podgórze nobility, torn apart by eternal disputes, as we find them in several records from Przemyśl or Sanok, this measure was impossible to apply. Moreover, other difficulties awaited the Chamberlain. It was necessary to climb mountains and rugged terrain, sometimes for several days in a row, to be able to assess from hand to heart that this and not the other side would benefit from the right of the route. There were no minor difficulties in drawing the border line, and this was because the terrain, at that time still full of mud and swamps and inaccessible places, was so covered that sometimes, contrary to custom, borders were drawn in such terrain in winter. It was difficult to build mounds in swampy and muddy places, so when the water washed away and destroyed the mounds, people dealt with it by driving willow stakes or embanking the mound with trees 42)^ or they simply made Wielkie Błoto the natural boundary of two estates and the mound was no longer built 43). Sometimes people dealt with an inaccessible place in such a way that by hanging a sheet on the highest tree in an inaccessible tree, visible from the further path, a dividing line was obtained, which could not be marked with signs, but which could be described in act 44). with the 16th century. the lines of the route were already marked from the position in relation to the sun 45j and the number of mounds and even embankments was carefully marked, a measuring cord was used 46]^ in short, in accordance with the progress of civilization, all means were used to make the boundaries perpetual 47). The perpetuity of the boundaries was announced by the janitor on the last mound in the corner. In general - as it appears from the acts - this usher was an official figure necessary for the border act, he had to publish the foundation of the chamberlain's jurisdiction 48) he called on the parties to submit the case, he received the shovel from the chamberlain to fill the mound and called the nobility and hard-working peasants to listen to the announcement - that the chamberlain's office was starting to fill the mounds, let him then those who would object to the demarcation of this boundary will appear, because after a month it will no longer be possible to move the mound without the permission of the chamberlain's office - moving the mound is subject to a penalty, namely 9 fines for the corners and 3 fines for the wall. The janitor and the assistant proclaimed the same thing
*') Act of 1462 AGZ XIII. Z. 3956. ") Zapiski 2990, 3029, 3033. "j Zap. 2292. ") Zap. 3083. *°) Zap. 3105 and others. *°) Zap. 3025. ") Maps were not yet drawn in Poland at that time, the first map mentioned in the sources is a map of Poland, painted on canvas, which was submitted by Polish envoys to Pope Martin V in 1414, *') Zap. 3103.
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building the last mound, where he announced the eternal permanence of the border 49). Only then was the demarcation act written down in the Podkomorskie books, describing the entire line of the route from the first corner to the second or last corner. The act of building only the marked mounds by the Chamberlain was heavy on the pages. As the Sanok Act of 1511 states, each party appoints 12 peasants and one nobleman, in whose presence the mounds were built high 50)^, so the action was simplified, but another problem was the removal of old mounds upon judgment, which the other party considered harmful 51), as it turns out, there was a lot for the parties to do, so they were given a month to complete it 51).
The parties confirmed the border agreement with crews sometimes reaching the amount of a thousand fines53)^ and the bailiff's office entered these defects in the book or confirmed the mutual eviction of the parties. The minor parties were reserved the right to resume the action upon reaching the age of majority if they felt they had been wronged^^).