Levski Starosta, although the latter was entitled to the title of General Starosta of Ruthenia. The first families strive for the dignity of Chamberlain in Russia, the most splendid names decorate the "first district office", whose task was to mark the borders, of which there were so many uncertain or disputed here. These dignitaries are the defenders of the landowners and their property, they occupy the leading place in the great landowner movement, directed against the omnipotence of the general starostas, such as the Odrowąż family. In a word, they are representatives of the aspirations autonomous large provinces against the centralizing aspirations of both the royal authorities and some magnates. On the other hand, they contribute to the democratization of society, in which here in the East we still see many ranks, divisions and differences of status, and oppositions that are almost incomparable to Western relations, because they are the ones who call to their side during the border years, and in these years they stand next to them. nobility yokels - Poles and Ruthenians - wealthy and wealthy or poor, and those who take part in the fight, regardless of their status or nationality, decide about the fight. The case now does not depend on a single judge, but on the citizens, presided over by the Chamberlain, and on the unanimous will of the representatives of both legal parties. It is also not difficult to understand that such boundary sessions, during which the Chamberlain summons the nobility to provide him with information, selects several of them to hold a meeting to help in issuing a judgment, allows the nobility to hold meetings aimed at reconciling the parties, divides the disputed part ^9), and finally urges them to settle the matter by way of an amicable court, influenced not only the eradication of quarrels and quarrels, but also to equalize the differences between classes, to blur sharp, mutually exclusive oppositions, to raise the population to the heights of spiritual unity, in short, to democratize society. Instead of the individual's will, now come legal provisions, already tested, which neither the party nor the judge can break or circumvent, and which are a guarantee to the parties that the border case, always complex and with so many difficulties to overcome, will be fairly resolved. The concepts of law, which have already been greatly developed in the West in the spirit of equality and Christian love, penetrate more and more widely here in the East into entire social classes and create a strong cement that binds them together into one great bulwark of civilization in the East.
"In the spirit of Polish law, the institution of Chamberlains was developed not as a judicial institution tasked with resolving a border dispute, but rather as a civic institution intended to establish consent between the conflicting parties by demarcating the border line. Justice here is not an end in itself, but a means to the end of harmony and social love. Justice, moreover, was adjudicated over a border dispute by a land court, but only a matter of demarcation border, he sent the matter of building a new one or improving the old one to the Chamberlain 20)^ whose scope of activities
") Zap. 3088. ') Laguna. About Polish border law. Warszawa 1875, p. 43. accurately distinguishes two moments in border court proceedings, i.e. a border dispute arising from certain acts that jeopardized the right to property, which took place in a land court, and which was
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It was actually limited, because it was limited to marking one single border line between the parties, but this activity was very important and it actually cut across disputes, considering that this one line was supposed to be a link of consent and social love between the parties, which had so far been in discord and fighting over it for decades.