Indeed, numerous examples demonstrate the truly civil harmony of the parties between whom border disputes occurred, because without taking the case to court, they directly referred the matter to the arbitration judges, or, yielding to persuasion from the Chamberlain's assessors or witnesses' friends who arrived at the cut-off date, they referred the matter to the arbitration court 65). Therefore, the parties agreed voluntarily, choosing from each one, sometimes two or three arbitrators and the same number of elders, they were given instructions which they could not exceed, sometimes it was stipulated that if they did not reach an agreement, then the elected super-arbitrator would decide 66); the super-arbitrator set a deadline or started the deadline on the spot, examined the case and marked the boundaries, and the bailiff's office, based on the boundary marks set by the arbitration court, built mounds and marked the boundary, giving a legal form to the demarcation, regardless of whether the parties were present or not at the time of the act 6"). Sometimes, as already mentioned. The chamberlain was the super-arbitrator of such an arbitration court and decisively resolved the dispute which, if he had acted ex officio, would have remained unresolved, because there was no appeal from the arbitration court and, moreover, the parties usually ensured the finality and inviolability of the award by significant defects. The Podkomorzy himself, when he was a super-arbitrator, noted, as we have an outstanding example in the files, that an appeal against his arbitration award was inadmissible.
The Chamberlain's institution is an institution of land self-government in which the democratic concepts and aspirations of landowners find expression. During the development of border law in the 15th century. and XVI. In the 19th century, one can clearly see the tendency of the nobility to make their land officials and, above all, the Chamberlain the spokesman for the rights of the nobility towards the enormously larger royal property. Whenever there are differences regarding the border between the nobility's estates and our estates, Jan Albert's statute of 1496 reads: we will send commissioners from the land where the dispute occurs, two dignitaries and two officials who will settle the dispute with the bailiff and the local starosta, calling on the testimony of the elders, and if they disagree, they will act according to their conscience and decide the disputed matter by a majority. Some data allow us to assume that the landed gentry of the eastern voivodeships contributed to this major achievement in defense of their own rights. The democratic movement of the nobility manifested itself most powerfully here. The position of Chamberlain is generally respected in these voivodeships; because the Chamberlain is the man of confidence of the nobility, and even though he is - like the salachta XIV. century, she used to say - actually only an executive body and an office, but he can even act against it
'*) Z. 3024, ") Mallet habere liraites ex composicione bonorum hominum, quam de iuris vigore cum iuramentis. Ob. z. 3112. «') AGZ. XIII. N. 2297, 3229, 4642, 7000; XIV, 820, 3326; XV, 194; XVI. 374, below: 3032, 3033; further: XI, 3508, '") Z. 3099.
19th century voivode in defense of law and equity, as evidenced by the border case of the ruler of Przeworski, Antoni Radyłowski, against the voivode of Podolsk, Stareechowski 68j. The Lord Chamberlains, although only from the Przemyśl region, put their landly dignity in their titles before their second dignity, although it was the general starosty of Rus. Moreover, the relations themselves pushed the landowners here to implement devices modeled on Western voivodeships and even to surpass them in general efforts to increase self-government. As already mentioned, the properties of these nobility were in a significant minority compared to the Crown's properties, their rights were not clearly defined, others constituted some uncertain intermediate layer of the population between the nobility and the peasant, and they also had undeclared rights to the land they owned. Therefore, the aspiration to lease the land and to demarcate it from the royal property is a justified aspiration, and it also appears from the chamberlain's notes beyond any doubt. Starosta from the beginning, as it was in the 15th century. century, does not work at this border commission, allows himself to be replaced by the sub-starosta or does not appoint a deputy at all and prevents the demarcation, but the Chamberlain is always present, because he is not only the executor of the commissioner's judgment, but also the defender of the rights of the nobility.