Starzechowski explains that Pilecki, the voivode of Bełzka, sold his hereditary rights to MikuHc cum pleno iure to Feliks Ziemięcki donatione perpetua, who in turn ceded his rights to Jan Starzechowski - so the voivode has no right to Mikulice, therefore I am asking for exemption from the quotation of the peasant, whose hereditary lord I am, he poetically adds: etiam produco cittationes, quibus nblis. loannes Starzechowski per mfcos. Stanislaum Odrow^sz et Magdalenam de laroslaw Pałlatinam Bełz. hic ad iudicium est citatus pro evocatione vasallorum feodalium ville Mykulicze, et intentaverunt sibi actionem hic in iudicio praesenti, utraque pars allegat habere iura superioritatis ad villam Mikulycze, et una pars alteri accionem intentavit; a£fecto hanc cittationem kmethonis suspendi tamdiu, donec ipsi domini Stanislaus et Magdalena cum ipso loanne Starzechowski iure ad praefatas cittationes experiuntur, et que parcium ius pinguius et ius hereditarium habuerit et penes eundem kmethonem steterit, ipse daminus cui ius ad Mykulicze spectayerit, huic kmethoni prefalo pro tunc temporis respondeam vel id agam, quod de jure iicebit agendam. Ter. Prev, Inscr. 30. p. 877.
accept the reservation that it releases the peasants of these villages from all services, duties and burdens that they performed and that weighed on them in relation to other properties and farms of the same Pilecki 17). There is not even any question about reservations regarding mana; because the nobility did not know them in their land law and did not want to know them anymore. And from the facts summarized above, it is clear that feudalism had a lot of historical ground in Russia, that it could even take deep roots here, but that all attempts in this field crashed in land law, which was developing in a democratic direction, which manifested itself mainly in the 16th century. In.
This movement is visible in all fields of social and political life of the great borderland. Therefore, it also includes institutions resulting from land law, such as those border courts, which - in view of the greater number of chamberlain's notes that we provide in this volume - we now need to mention.
II.
Podkomorzowie, their position in the Ruthenian Voivodeship. — The aspirations of the landed gentry and the influence on the development of border law. - Consequences. — Civilizational moments in the chamberlain's files. — Development certificates agricultural and forestry farm.
Border law in Ruthenia, starting from Casimir W., was enforced by starostas named after the king, regardless of whether royal estates were separated from private estates or landowners' estates. The king instructed the Starosta to go with the Ruthenian and Polish nobility to the disputed borders, as well as with the elders, whose testimony, confirmed by oath, was reliable for the Starost in demarcating the border line. The oath, as we know from one act of demarcation made in 1415 by Starosta Ivan of Obykhov, was taken by the elders at the end of the act: as they had in fact established the boundaries. The party not showing up on time was considered the loser and boundaries were drawn without it. The act took place in the presence of the Starosta, who used the nobility to accompany him to make a border inspection or demarcation.
With the adoption of Polish law, the functions of the border judge are transferred from the Starosta to the Land Chamberlain or to his Bailiff. In a land where royal property far outweighed private property, the establishment of such a new land dignity was of great importance, especially since there were no permanent, strictly demarcated borders, and the colonization movement, which was becoming more and more intense, multiplied the number of border disputes, especially with the royal estates. It is easy to understand why, from the very moment of the establishment of the Chamberlain of Lviv, a dispute about priority arose between him and the Starosta, and to understand the reasons why the nobility stubbornly persists in the superiority of the landed dignitary over the king.
»') Terri. Prevorse. Inser. 11. p. 646. '») A. gr. 2. November N. 505.