Z. M. 7398. — *) P. S. Z. No. 14,040. 2) P. S. Z. No. 8458 and others — even earlier, the construction of the city of Torzhok was entrusted to Governor Sivers 1); the construction of Bilhorod to Fliverk 2), and indeed most of the cities that arose during the reign of Catherine II were built and planned by governors. There was no special institution for managing the construction department in the governorates at that time; however, a construction office is found in Orenburg 3); while at the Pskov and Mohyliv provincial chancelleries, shortly before the establishment of the governorates, an architect with an assistant was appointed 4). But in general, the construction department belonged to the governors and voivodes: they had to oversee the implementation of the rules prescribed by the government during the construction of villages and cities. Thus, by the decrees of 1722, 1724, 1753 and 1754, burned-down villages were ordered to be built in such a way that between the homesteads there would be hemp fields and vegetable gardens, and the distance would be no less than 30 sazhen, that threshing floors would be built behind the vegetable gardens, and drying barns at a distance of no less than 35 sazhen from the homesteads. The observance of all these rules was overseen by governors and voivodes 5). The rules for city buildings were defined with greater precision, the observance of which was also overseen by regional rulers 6). The government hardly cared about the arrangement of communication routes in the 17th century, therefore it did not define the duties of the voivodes in this regard. In the 18th century, however, gubernatorial and voivode instructions and the regulations of the Kamer-Kollegiya made it a permanent and indispensable duty of governors and voivodes to oversee the condition of roads in general, and major thoroughfares in particular. Concerning the repair of such roads, they submitted projects to the Kamer-Kollegiya, and in 1763 it was made their duty to submit semi-annual reports on the condition of roads, bridges, and towpaths to the Senate and the Senate office 7). In the instruction to the zemstvo commissar [1) P. S. Z. No. 12,491. — 2) P. S. Z. No. 15,106. — 3) P. S. Z. No. 13,434. — 4) P. S. Z. No. 13,886. — 5) P. S. Z. No. 10,325. — 6) P. S. Z. No. 5333. p. 39. — 7) P. S. Z. No. 11,939.] of 1716, it was prescribed: “so that travelers might have the utmost possible safety and convenience on their way,” to strive for the good condition of bridges and summer and winter roads, for the establishment of inns, or guest houses, with ample quarters for people and horses, with all necessities, edible provisions and horse fodder, which must be sold by the keepers—good hosts—at the proper price, so that travelers would suffer neither hardship nor offense 8).
4. Peter V.’s laws on national industry established a strict system of industrial regulation: all branches of national labor were taken under the direct supervision of the government, which established various measures to encourage and develop the commercial, manufacturing and agricultural industries. Private interest—the life-giving principle of economic relations—was recognized only by Catherine the Patriarchate in the final words of the decree of November 22, 1179 d. “Everyone’s own benefit is the best and most reliable improvement.” Peter V. had a different view of the state’s attitude towards industry. This view was determined by the state of society at that time: the Chamber Collegium was created in the midst of the poverty of the zemstvo economy. The supervision of the fulfillment of everything that belongs to the zemstvo economy was entrusted to the local authorities - to the governors and voivodes. Therefore, Kaner-Kollemi was obliged to take stock of the state, nature and fertility of each province, and especially to try to populate as much as possible the desolate courtyards and lands - as well as to multiply agriculture, livestock production and fishing everywhere and bring it to an increase, and for this purpose 6b governors and governors diligently correspond *), “Wef measures to encourage the people's industry, established by the central government, were carried out by the governors: in 4912. ) P.S.