Division II. Administrative division of the empire in the 18th century

I. Alipiistrative division, Looking at the administrative division that existed in Russia at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries, one cannot help but realize that it was both complex and confusing. Having developed historically, it did not presage a uniform and regular system. The main regional unit was y73d5. Uezdy. were formed in two ways: lands that were previously under separate rule and then became part of the Moscow state were usually part of one district: for example, the districts of Novgorod and Pskov were formed. The judicial districts of feeders, with the destruction of the feeding system, also constituted separate districts. For this reason, counties were sometimes called courts. The different ways in which the districts were formed resulted in their different sizes: some districts were very large (Dvina district) and very small (Suzdal, Shuisky). The bridles were subdivided into the volosts and camps. The volosts are the remnants of the former common affairs of the Slavic tribes, responsible for the Neitian mark. On the contrary, the camps are a division of administration, stratified, artificial: the stapom was called the meeto, the courtyard, the GA became a judge or a closer. The main thing that distinguished a camp from a volost was that a camp was usually called a district assigned to a city and given in charge to the governor: hence they were called towns. But volosts and camps were not found in all districts: in the Vovgorod district, the volosts corresponded to 5 about nak VOO fuck reet ren Sumino Reno, NOV RNE CHECKS y cast you created graveyards, in the Pskov district - Pskov provinces. Churchyards also exist in other districts, but there they drank in a different way - meaning 1 parish. So already in the 18th century. in 1119, to Sol Vychego of the Arkhangelsk city province, together with settlements, volosts # docks, there were postscripts and graveyards '). The Novgorod district was divided, in addition, into 5 platinos: Obonezhskaya, Derevskaya, Bzhetskaya, Shonoe Lonskaya and Votskaya; Pyatina lasted for half. Something similar was found in other districts: the important district lasted for 4 quarters, the Vologda district - for 5 thirds. This diversity, this diversity of regional affairs, was increased by a special police and special financial pressure - into labial districts and bones. The provincial district did not always correspond to the bridle, but was sometimes made up of two districts: so the turbulent labial districts were sometimes divided by the Suzdal governors. However, this was an exception: for the most part, from Mikhail Fedorovich to Pyotr V. and constantly, the labial circle coincided with the district. For the purpose of paying taxes and sending duties, villages, camps, volosts, and sometimes entire counties, were formed into special tax districts - bones. Moreover, for each type of tax, for each separate duty, there was its own special structure and its own separate bone. The intricacy and complexity of the regional government was further increased by the division of cities into three sections - larger, middle and larger cities; Moreover, in each article the cities had different STS! importance. The main thing that distinguished large cities from medium-sized and smaller ones was that large districts were assigned to the former, and voivodes were sent to appoint persons who were given a greater degree of power. The big city was usually called the fatherland, its official hut - the official padata. ) P.S.3. No. 3380. In 1726, Lyalemy churchyard of the Arkhaihelogorod province. turn the Ustyug province into a posad. M. 4861. The largest cities - cities of the first staty - were considered: Novgorod Pskov, Smolensk, Polotsk, Kazan, Astrakhan, Gobolesk and Tomsk '). Such was the regional situation in Russia in the 19th century, when governance was permeated with the principles of bureaucratic decentralization, when every regional ruler, every governor, little subject to the control of the central government, had enormous power in his hands. With such a complex and confusing regional development, it was not possible to transform the management system. Meanwhile, the Moscow government, which had formed under the Romanovs, was more and more striving to bring administration to the central point of the state—to the capital. This tendency of the Moscow government towards administrative centralization: in the 1990s itself gave rise to the need to change the historically established government districts, to introduce more correct administrative districts, such as the former districts. Not to mention the division of Russia into 3 parts, called the third - Volodizir, Novgorod and Ryazan, and the formation of a separate order for the management of each of them, directly attributed to Toann ShM - not to mention the division into four parts that occurred under Toanz the Terrible) - the needs in large administrative regions of Moscow the sovereigns tried to satisfy We attribute smaller cities to larger ones. This is how suburbs appeared: Kazan, Astrakhavi, Toboleska, following the example of the suburbs of Novgorod and Pskov, which had existed for a long time. The city with its suburbs thus constituted a more extensive government district, called a rank5 - since in the main city of the district a rank was usually established to manage the affairs of the servicemen, mainly the military. Thus, the Novgorod, Tobolesk and Tomsk categories appeared. However, 17 - t) See regional urgencies of Rossm in KhUI-n VKB of Chicherin, pp. 58-73. we eeeeee E K. in; in r... r 36 VKka suburbs are also assigned to other cities: Belgorod, Simbirsk and Sivsk, and in 1692, Yaroslavl. In general, in the 17th century, we notice a great desire for the formation of these categories. This arose from the stronger administrative consciousness of the Moscow government - recognizing the need for such large administrative districts, so that by giving them fewer and establishing their relationship to the censorial government - establishing a system of centralization, but attributing some cities to others, but forming the ranks - the government did not reach its goal, the appointment of ranks was special -> with the concentrated management of service affairs, mainly military ones. By the way, the need was felt for such ‘bolta, pih administrative districts, where the entire local administration could be concentrated. Only Peter V. managed to satisfy this need in the early 18th century by painting the cities in the province. Thus, the origin of our first provinces is not the fruit of the natural historical decomposition of the country into individual characteristic localities, imprinted with a unique geographical and ethnographic type - but created by the administrative gesha of the government. central, the fruit of military and financial considerations. Petra. This is not the result of the mutual influence of nature and people (see Bapa Shaa Yeshe Riiya), which decomposes the country into characteristic local unions, the members of which are bound by the consciousness of solidary local interest - but the result of the “painting of the Baizhny Chancellery of cities in the province.” Therefore, the division of Russia into provinces is closer to the division of Fravsha into departments than to the English division of states (see Primbzasho). Not to mention the designation of cities into failures, with the subordination of small towns to the main provincial city (Povgorol, Pskov, Astrakhan, etc. - as a measure concerning one city administration of the horse') - we early notice Peter V.'s desire to introduce 'new') P.S., 3, M. 1706, amypistrative delineation: the allusion to the province is found even before the decree December 18, 1708, when our first provinces actually appeared. So, even in 1702, in one manifesto about calling the foreigners to Rosea, it is said about the border 2)’bernator and together with the naipstniks and commanders, both on the borders and along the roads from Kev, Smolensk and Iskov leading to the capital, instructions and orders about the non-obstruction of foreigners coming to Stoliva are sent and governor's office