Turkic people who gave the Khazars the dynasty of their kagans 1). About the language of the Khazars we have two messages: firstly, that it is similar to the language of the Bulgarians 2), and secondly, that ‘it is not similar to the language of either the Turks or the Persians 3). Llya' history 'names of government officials have been preserved from their language, such as 'Kagan (Khakan), Khatun, Ilk, etc., and naming some cities. Supporters of both theories admit that the first are undoubtedly correct, but they only disagree on the explanation of the word “Sarkel”, as one of the Khazar cities was called, explaining “it is one of the Turkekato language”), Drume from Chuvashekato 5) “or Vogul 6).Lo: we have also received a letter from one of the Khazarean Katans, Tosifa, in which he talks about “his pedigree. According to some, this pedigree points to the” Turkic origin of the Khazars, according to others, to the Finnish 3). The Middle Ages writers of the Byzans call them “Khazars” Turks 9). about the smvshanny composition of the Khazar people ‘imfetsya’ and. reported by one scientist arabecato ‘teotraf HT century, who drew his data from more ancient sources. `Khazars, he says, do not resemble the Turks; their hair is black, and it falls into two types: one, called “Karajur”, is shalen and, moreover, “of such a dark color that it approaches black; consider them an Indian rava; friend - beautiful and very beautiful" 10),
The border of the Khazarean land, in the true sense, cannot be indicated. (with greater or less accuracy we can talk about graphics
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]
2) Ibn-Gaukal (Gharkavi. Saying Muslim writers, p. 219).
3) From Al-Bekri and other authors about Rus' and the Slavs. St. Petersburg 1878, p. 61.
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]
e) Bylieg. Meshopae rori]ogash, u. Sh, r. 549-550.
10) Old 4’AЪochіM64a units. rah Hanged 4. Raliz; 1848. P, f. 303:
prostrate to the Khazar state. In the enoch of the greatest development of his power, the southern border of the katanata crossed the Caucasian Mountains and extended ‘to’ the river. Kura and Araks. The Khazarean tarrisons stood along the torols located both in the Caucasus and in Transcaucasia'). But, as we will see, by the second half of the 8th century. the Khazars were driven out of Transcaucasia by the Arabs, and the Caucasus Mountains became the border. On the back% in UP c. They are extending their power to part of the Crimean peninsula and then subjugating the Russian-Slavic tribes to their power: Polyan, Radimichi, Vyatichi, Sveryan. Subdue $60 even for some time Volzhekuyu Bulgaria; Of the Khazarek torods we know: Itid, Balanjar, Sarkel or Blaya Vezha (m. 0. was it called Beyda?), Semender, Kamlilze and Saksin. We are more or less interested in only some of them. The city of Balanjar lay somewhere not far from the Caucasian tor on this side of them. It was at first the capital of the Khazarekato Katana 3), but after the loss of the Transcaucasian regions, the residence of the Khagans was moved to the city of Semender, located approximately where the city of Tarhu is. Semender was taken to trade in Azsh. Christians, Muslims and Jews lived there, and there were churches, mosques and synagogues. The population was engaged, apparently, in gardening, especially in growing grapes, so that in Semenderv there were up to 4000 grape vines *). But, although this city remained permanently in the hands of the Khazars, the capital was moved to the mouth of the Volga, to the city of Itil. It was located on both sides of the Volga and divided it into two parts. In the western one was the residence of the queen and her staff; In addition, merchants lived here - Matomegans, Jews, Russians and Slavs. This part of the city was called Kazeran and was a trading center where merchants gathered and goods were brought from the surrounding countries: from Az, Bulgaria, Rus'. In the eastern part, Sazh Katan was praised with his nobles and troops. But on one of the islands of the river. Volga byl, another separate ca-
1) 0’OVzzop. [Ge8 rep!ez di Szlsave, r. 47; From the Khazars of the East, the historian Tabari. Per. Dorna. Zh. M. N. Ave., part HYTS, dept. P, pp. 82, 84.
*) For a closer look at Sarkel or Bfloy Vezhi with Beida, see Khvolzon (Izv%st1ya Ibn-Dast, p. 45\.
3) We can speak approximately about the discovery of Balanjar on the basis of the history of the struggle between the Khazars and the Arabs. Si also Kholzon, Izv$st1ya Ibn-Tsast, p. 52. b