“Adjoining it on the right side was a 060b0e building, perhaps something in the rodz “madrassa” - a tertiary school 1). But this was not the only Muslim temple in the city. For a long time ®) a large minaret was preserved, whose shape was similar to the Arab-Mesopotamian and Syrian minarets of small mosques. The minaret adjoined the quadrangle with four balini in the corners, in which, perhaps, the clergy were housed; inside this quadrangle, the building of the cathedral mosque ("jum'a' jam'i") was probably located. To the east and on the side of the mosque there were two “turbe” - tombstone chapels 3). Finally, there was a third similar mosque with a small minaret, on the dwarf of which there was a cemetery, etc. where some Bulgarian revered men rested." It is difficult to say which of these three mosques is mentioned by the Arabekle writers Al-Balkhi and Mukadisei (both 10th century) as the main one 5). The city of Bulgar elavileya on Vobtokz also has its baths, which the Arab geographer Abulfeda counts tribe). The building was built of stone, but brick was used inside; however, the entire building was built from large bricks, the shape of which is more reminiscent of batdadecle bricks taken from Babylon. The hall and coal rooms were plastered and decorated with a cornice in Arabic style 7). The foundations of stone buildings, partly visible, partly hidden under mounds of alluvial soil, between the large mosque and the small minaret, are preserved in the large city, showing that this was the center of the city, densely built up and heavily salted. Judging by those found in fazvalins
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*) The minaret still stood until 1841, when it collapsed (Shpilevsy: “Ancient than the city” eos, p. 204).
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5) From Al-Balkhi and Mukadessi, cite Khvolzon “Izvfst1ya Ibnt = Dasta”, pp. 82 and 84.
8) From the story of Abulfeda in Khvolzon (Pu4esh, p. 88).
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Bulgar and large and small water pipes made of reddish-yellow pottery clay, one might think that the city had pools and fountains 7). Behind the city rampart, along the mountains and below, there were cake objects 2). 6 versts away was the pier of Torod Bulgar on the Volgv. Here, during excavations, the remains of ancient buildings are blown away 3). These towns were inhabited, throughout the entire region, by former foreigners who came to the Bulgar for trade." There were ruins of the church that was in the natal antechamber, at which there was a cemetery, most of all Armenian, judging by the gravestones with Armenian, as they think, inscriptions 5), although there is no doubt how We will also see that all sorts of foreigners lived in the Bulgars, among whom there should have been Orthodox Christians. The city of Bulgar, named after this name in Voetokz, was called Bryakhimov in Rus' with the epitag “glorious” 6). Directly to the east of the capital lay, about 70 miles from it, the second city of the sovereign, founded in Rus' by the name of the Great City"), the city of Bular. It stood on the banks of the Maly Cheremian river and was fortified. The south was surrounded by three high ramparts and three deep ditches. Judging by the stone ruins, between the outer rampart and the second there were The city was under construction, and the central rampart, carrying the Ukrainian prisoner, enclosed the city’s Kremlin. Among the ruins of the Kremlin in the past, there was a stone pillar made of edged brick and wild stone, with a circumference of 24 arshins 8). In the 10th century the story of three more kingdoms in Bulgaria is an important city, Suvar or Sivar. Writers say to Arabek that he lay near the city of Bulgar on the Volgv; its houses were wooden and in it, like in the capitals, there was a mosque).
+) Shpilevsvy: “Ancient cities”, pp. 220 and 285.
2) Berezin “Bulgar on the VolgV”, p. 81.
3) Pu4esh, p. 80. The tract where this pier was now called Aga-Baza, r. |
*) Pest, page 81.
5) Shpilevsy: “Ancient Cities”, pp. 225-229. Tombstones with Armenian inscriptions were found in the ruins of Bulgar (Berezin, P4esh, cf. 135-717).
8) Lavrent. Lt. ed. 1872, p. 334.
1) Nevostruev: “On the settlements of other Volga-Bulgarian and Kazan kingdoms” in “Proceedings of the Archaeological Congress in Moscow”, vol. 2, p. 543; Shpilevsky “Dreaded Cities”, p. 138; Lavrentyev. l$t., pp. 369-370 and 422.
8) Nevostruev, Sh14et. What is this city worth now for the suburb of Bilyarsk.
9) The account of Al-Balkhi and Mukadessi at Khvolzon ("The account of Ibn-Dast, pp. 82 and 84,