ness. Horses were necessary for them, since the great military forks of theirs stood from the cavalry"). Horse meat was also used by the Bulgarians for food). Sheep and cattle were exported in large quantities to Bukhara 3). Leathers were tanned in Bolgarm itself, and in a processed form they went to the far east, where the Bulgarian Yuet was famous, which is called there to this day “Bulgari“). But this product of the processing industry of the Bulgarians was sold in significant quantities for shoes to the local population: the Bulgarians carried them in boots, which so amazed our bast-footed Ruv in Khet., which sensed the strength of this industrial people and expressed its consciousness in the proto-spirited words of Dobrynya: “I was transporting prisoners (Bulgarians); they were carrying them in boots: they won’t pay us tribute, let’s go and look for the bast workers” 5). From plant and plant products, large quantities of birch 6) and orchi were sent to Khovarezm (now Bukhariya), and even now in Central Asia they are called “gyuzi bulgar” 7). The birch tree also provided the Bulgarians themselves with combat material, and on top of that they extracted juice from it, which was used as a drink8). But the main item of Bulgarian trade with the east was moss. Despite the fact that Bulgaria itself abounded in moss, in Asia the best were recognized as 1$, which came from Rus' and the countries of Yajuj and Majuj (Gog and Magog)?). Under the settlements to the east we meant the lands in the distant north, inhabited by the eel peoples, the Jutra or Ugra, now living under the name of Voguls and Obtyaks on the other side of the Ural Mountains, and in 1% of times living along the S. Dvinz and Pechorz; Under the same name, Gotha and Magog, apparently the whole of the people who lived in the present Tver tuberyu and further to Voetok, and Perm, neighboring to the north with Ugra, understood. All this, according to the Arabs, was a country of darkness.
t) Izv. Ibn-Dast (Khvolzon, p. 24).
2) Izvvste Ibn-Fotslan (Egyo&Vn, Pe & lucky MasvueShchen, v. 515).
3) Izvfste Mukadessi (Harqawi, “Saying: I am Muslim Writers,” p. 282).
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5) Ipatiev. chronicle, ed. 1871 p. 56.
8) Izvest Mukadessi (Gharkavi, “Tales of Muslim Writers”, p. 282).
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3) Known by Ibn-Gaukal (Gharkavi, Said by Muslim writers, p. 219).
The Bulgarians conducted brisk trade with these countries. Trade throughout the whole of Ugra was new and, at the same time, small. When the Bulgarians come to the land of Vesi; then they lay out their goods on one mªfet, tdf and leave them for a while, then they come again and under their goods find what the residents want to give them for them; if they are happy, take 10, and if they are not, then leave it, showing by this that they want another increase. Neither the buyer nor the seller sees. each other. The items sold to the Bulgarians were both products from their own country and those from the East, part 10 is proven by archaeological data 1). There was also trade with the distant Ugra, where the Bulgarians went. They brought tarpoons for catching sea fish of their own making, and in return they received walrus tusks, very fond of the east, where they went 2). In the same way, moss was obtained from Rus' 3), although; as we will see below, after the day Fzdil themselves went down the Volga to the Khazars. Thus, in Rolgarshi, a lot of fur goods were accumulated, which went to Bukharsho. Otters, sables, ermines, flies, and beavers were exported, but the most important thing was to make moss kushi. The last one took over from the Bulgarians a coin; At first they did not have their own minted coins, but silver dirhems came to them from Muslim countries by paying for their goods; each kuni mЪх was equal in value to 9 `/> dirtemam, which would amount to our money, at the normal rate, ‘45 k. silver. ^). Made from natural sources. countries from the Volgar' through Khazario Honey was also exported to the East, and part of it was used for honey consumption 5). There is information that gives the right to speculate that 410 Mammoth bone was also mined from the Bulgarian land, and it was sent to Bukhari for various subfaculties 6). Kronv vydflki
2) Uvarov. “Meryans and their life in the burial mound excavations” (Proceedings of the Garkh. S.V. Moscow $. t. P, starting from page 633 razit).
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3) “Ibn-Gaukal (Gharkavi, Told by Muslim Writers,” p. 219).
*) From Ibn-Gaukal and Mukadessi (Pest, pp. 219 and '282). Izvfetya Ibn-Dast, (Khvolzon, pp. 24-95). For the value of the dirhem, see ibid., page 101.