' The cost of land transport, although subject to different changes, has, however, sufficiently defined foundations— the cost of food, and consequently the degree of fertility of the year, the distance of the forests from the places of consumption, and the state of the weather, as influencing the duration of the transport; these are the points on which generally the prices per pood of the land transport depend. The principal reasons for differences in the cost of transport of different kinds of goods are the cost of packing and the degree of injury goods are liable to in transportation. These same circumstances determine the cost of transport of forest materials. The quantity of poods of one or other sorts of forest materials determine the quantity of horses required for cartage; therefore the weight of the beam, spar, or other sort of forest material, must be taken into consideration in stating the expense of transport, the quantity of each sort of materials that can be placed on each one horse cart, and likewise the cost of a one horse cart for a given number of versts, or for the time necessary for going the distance. In transportation of forest materials of more minute workmanship, such as rakes, a more careful packing is required, and more care must be taken during transportation. The products of wood technically prepared particularly require more costly packing, and therefore their transport is much more expensive than other forest materials, particularly such as require the least care in transport, and therefore the land carriage per pood is cheaper. On these considerations we think thatprevious to making an estimate we must ascertain the weight of each sort of forest materials, and the number of horse carts required for the transport of this assortment, if it be of large dimensions; and if of small dimensions, then in the number of pieces of this assortment that can be placed on one cart. The chief foundations for such estimates are the following: — The weight of a cubic foot of wood, the cubic contents of one or other assortment of materials, and the normal strength of a peasant's horse. These are of course known, but hitherto have scarcely been taken into account in estimates. In making the following table we have had in view to give a foundation for such calculations requisite in each case. With regard to the cubic contents (shown lower in the table), in most cases the medium for the three dimensions should be increased a little if it can be foreseen that an unequal number of different dimensions, and principally great, will be received; in the contrary case they should be lessened. ' With this calculation the weight of a cubic foot for coniferous and soft leaved kinds in a half-dry state has been considered 40 lb., and for the hard leaved sort, in the halfdry state, at 60 lb; for soaked timber (floated) on landing it a quarter more should be added to the weight.
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•' A cubic fathom of firewood, coniferous kinds, requires about ten carts, a cubic fathom of birch and hard leaved kinds will require thirteen carts. Of the loads brought to market they frequently pile a cubic fathom out of eight loads. Generally one must distinguish three kinds of cubic fathoms of wood: — Forest fathom, that is the fathom received from the labourers in the forest who are paid by the fathom; trade fathom, that is the fathom as piled up in the woodyards for sale by the dealers themselves; and contractors' fathom, that is the fathom piled by the labourers who receive pay for cartage by the fathom. This fathom is called contractors, because on delivering wood per contract, the carters, who likewise pile the wood in the place where it is received, receive an addition if out of the number of fathoms taken by them from the yard more come out at the place of delivery. In cubic contents the forest fathom is the largest.
' For each vershock of thickness, and archine of length, one need not make a calculation, because in practice in carting such a calculation will not be applicable. There may be changes in these ciphers — for instance, at the commencement of the day, when the horse is fresh, more is put on the load, and with a beam they put several stakes cr poles, &c., but on an average the quantities stated in the tables may be accepted.