drawn off into another cask, wherein there has been aquavita or whisky, bunged quite close, and afterwards taken to the cellars, which in this country are excellent and cool. This mead becomes good in three years time, and by keeping, it improves, like many sorts of wine. The mead for immediate drink is made from malt, hops, and honey, in the same proportion, and undergoes a similar process. In Hungary it is usual to put ginger in mead. There are other sorts of mead in Poland, as Wisniak. Dereniak, Malinaik; they are made of honey, wild cherries, berries of the Cornus mascula, and raspberries; they all undergo the same process, and are most excellent and wholesome after a few years keeping. I never saw a gouty man in those provinces where mead is in common use. The Lipiec is made in the same way, but it contains the honey and pure water only. The honey gathered by the bees from the Azalea pontica, at Oczakoff, and in Potesia in Poland, is of an intoxicating nature; it produces nausea, and is used only for medical purposes, chiefly in rheumatism, scrophula, and eruptions of the skin, in which complaints it has been attended with great success. In a disease among the hogs called wengry (a sort of plague among these animals), a decoction of the leaves and buds of this plant is given, with the greatest effect, and produces almost instantaneous relief. This disease attacks the hogs with a swelling of their throat, and terminates in large hard knots, not unlike the plague, on which the decoction acts as a digestive, abates the fever directly in the first stage, and suppurates the knots. It is used in Turkey, I understand, with the same view in the plague. Tournefort makes mention, in his travels, of this honey/
CHAPTER IV..
A METHOD of exploitation so complicate as that which has been described can only be administered by educated men, specially instructed and trained for the work.
The administration of the Crown forests in Poland is subject to the Imperial Minister of Finance. In a communication I had from Count Ostenstacken, personal attache to Field-Marshal Berg, Viceroy of Poland, I was informed that the private proprietors of forests within the kingdom act very recklessly in disposing of these and in deforesting the country.
Their doing so renders it the more desirable that the Crown forests should be conserved and properly managed, if not also extended. And, in view of this, provision has been made for the education, instruction, and training of candidates for employment on the forest service.
Besides the Imperial Schools of Forestry in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, and in the vicinity of Moscow, and others in Eastern and Central Russia, in Western Russia a Chair of Forestry has been established in the Institutes of Kalazin, Vologda, Lipetsk, in Marymont in Poland, and at Mittau. But the most important arrangements for the study of forest science and forest economy by forest officials in Poland are at Novoi Alexandria, or New Alexandria.
Of these arrangements the following details are given from the TJstaff, or Code of Regulations for the Institute of Agriculture and Forestry at that place, approved by the Emperor 8th June, O.S., 1869, and still in force.
' The institute is ranked as a college of the first class, with two sections — one devoted to the study of rural
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]
economy and agriculture, the other to the study of forest science and forestry, with a farm, a forest, and an extensive domain attached to it, the whole being placed under the Minister of Public Instruction at Warsaw.
' The staff of officials includes a director, an inspector, five professors, eight tutors, and three teachers, a laboratory superintendent, a mechanic, a foreman of the workshop, a land steward or manager of the estate, a gardener and assistant, a surgeon, a secretary, a book-keeper, and a superintendent of buildings.
' The director, nominated by the Minister of Instruction, is at the head of the Institute, having the direction of everything connected with it. The inspector, similarly appointed, has corresponding duties. They, together with the professors, constitute the council of management. No professor can hold two chairs, and any of them after twenty-five years may be again and again re-appointed for successive terms of five years each. The laboratory superintendent has charge of all the laboratories of the Institute. The mechanic has charge of all the implements.
* At meetings of council, under the presidency of the director, all questions are decided by vote, and in certain cases the vote may be taken by ballot.